1. All of the following could result in alteration of cell mitosis postnatal brain development except.

 A.  Hyperthyroidism.
 B.  Neurofibrillary degeneration.
 C.  Malnutrition.
 D.  Radiation damage.
 E.  Environmental complexity.

2. Which of the following is incorrect in regard to the five vesicle stage of the embryonic brain:

 A.  Prosencephalon.
 B.  Diencephalon.
 C.  Mesencephalon.
 D.  Myelencephalon.
 E.  Metencephalon.

3. Embryonic neurohistogenesis is characterized by:

 A.  A continual proliferation of neuroblasts without any sequencing.
 B.  Neurons differentiating at the site of proliferation.
 C.  Mitosis occurring at the outermost portion of the neuroepithelium.
 D.  Production of small neurons before large neurons.
 E.  Production of a new proliferative matrix in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

4. Spongioblasts refer to:

 A.  Misplaced neurons.
 B.  Another name for neural crest cells.
 C.  Neuroglia.
 D.  Newly formed blood vessels.
 E.  Choroid plexus cells.


5. All of the following are true in regard to spinal cord development except.

 A.  The sulcus limitans delimits the alar from the basal plates.
 B.  Alar neuroblasts are always formed before basal neuroblasts.
 C.  The general visceral afferent and general visceral efferent cell columns lie closest to the sulcus limitans.
 D.  Spinal dysraphism is where there is duplication of the dorsal horns.
 E.  The gray matter of the adult represents the mantle layer of the embryo.

6. The term used to denote an alteration in the size and number of gyri due to developmental abnormality is.

 A.  Anencephaly.
 B.  Holoprosencephaly.
 C.  Lissencephaly.
 D.  Porencephaly.
 E.  Arhinencephaly.

7. The term used to denote a herniation of meninges, brain parenchyma and ventricle outside of the skull is.

 A.  Meningocele.
 B.  Meningo-encephalocele.
 C.  Meningomyelocele.
 D.  Rachisichisis.

8.  A condition where the meninges and spinal cord bulge out as a sac beneath the skin due to a developmental 
     abnormality.

 A.  Encephalocele.
 B.  Meningomyelocele.
 C.  Porencephaly.
 D.  Internal hydrocephalus.

9. The flexure which acts as a division between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon is.

 A.  Rhombencephalic isthmus.
 B.  Cervical flexure.
 C.  Pontine flexure.
 D.  Cephalic flexure.

10. The term which best describes the developmental defect where the gyri are decreased in size but increased 
       in number.

 A.  Pachygyria.
 B.  Lissencephaly.
 C.  Agyria.
 D.  Micropolygyria.

11. Which of the following does the neural crest cell not form.

 A.  Schwann cell.
 B.  Meninges.
 C.  Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla.
 D.  Blood vessels.

12. The term special visceral refers to:

 A.  Any striated muscle in the head region.
 B.  Any striated muscle receiving a visceral input.
 C.  Any striated muscle derived embryologically from the gill arches.
 D.  Any smooth muscle found in the head region.
 E.  Any glands found in the head region.

13. During development:

 A.  The sulcus limitans defines the boundaries between the thalamus and hypothalamus.
 B.  CSF plays no role in development.
 C.  The red nucleus and substantia nigra is derived from the basal plate.
 D.  The pontine flexure represents the division between mesencephalon and metencephalon.
 E.  During the third embryonic week neurotube closure begins at the fourth somite.

14. Which of the following is not derived from neural crest cells:

 A.  Capsule cells in spinal ganglia.
 B.  Pigment cells.
 C.  Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
 D.  Microglia of the CNS.
 E.  Sympathetic neuroblasts.

15. A term used to denote an abnormality where the ventricular tube is in direct continuation with the 
      subarachnoid space by either an abnormal cleft of fissure is:

 A.  Porencephaly.
 B.  Holoprosencephaly.
 C.  Anecephaly.
 D.  Microencepahly.
 E.  Lissencephaly.

16. If the neural tube fails to form embryonically in a portion of the 12th somite, the resulting abnormality would 
      be known as.

 A.  Spinal bifida occulta.
 B.  Spinal dysraphism.
 C.  Meningocele.
 D.  Meningomyelocele.
 E.  Rachischisis.

17. External hydrocephalus is most often due to.

 A.  Blockage of the cerebral aqueduct.
 B.  Blockage of the foramen of Luschka and Magendie.
 C.  Dilated cisterns with CSF rupture into subdural space due to venous drainage blockade.
 D.  Increased cerebrospinal fluid production.
 E.  Blockage to the cisterna magna only.

18. In the cell multiplication cycle, the mitotic phase of proliferation.

 A.  Occurs at a position furthest from the central canal.
 B.  Occurs at a position closest to the central canal.
 C.  Occurs at a position intermediate in the neuroepithelium.
 D.  Is not dependent upon location in neuroepithelial layer.
 E.  Is restricted to the marginal layer.

19. Which of the following is not formed from neural crest cells?

 A.  Sympathetic neurons.
 B.  Adrenal cortex.
 C.  Schwann cells.
 D.  Meninges.
 E.  Cartilage cells of the branchial arches.

20. The major difference between the embryological myelencephalon and metencephalon is.

 A.  The myelencephalon is postnatally formed.
 B.  The fusion of the rhombic lips in the metencephalon give rise to the cerebellum.
 C.  Myelencephalon has special visceral nuclei while the metencephalon doesn't.
 D.  The myelencephalon has no basal plate.
 E.  None of the above.

21. Which of the CNS components is derived from mesenchyme?

 A.  Oligodendroglia.
 B.  Astrocytes.
 C.  Microglia.
 D.  Bipolar neuroblasts.
 E.  Ependymal cells.

22. Which of the following is in the appropriate sequence of events which occur during CNS development?

 A.  Neural plate formation, neurotube closure, neuropore closure, somite formation.
 B.  Neural plate formation, neurotube closure, primary vesicle formation, somite formation, neuropore 
            closure.
 C.  Neuroplate formation, somite formation, neurotube closure, primary vesicle formation, neuropore 
            closure.
 D.  None of the above.

23. During cell multiplication in the neuroepithelial layer.

 A.   DNA synthesis occurs in the outer zone.
 B.  The neuroepithelial layer appears as simple columnar cells.
 C.  Migratory daughter cells are connected by terminal bars.
 D.  During metaphase the cells are in the outer zone.
 E.  None of the above.

24. Fissurization of the cerebral cortex:

 A.  Is found only in the first trimester.
 B.  Is found only in the last trimester.
 C.  Is a continual phenomenon up to 35-40 years.
 D.  Is a postnatal phenomenon.
 E.  Is due to vascular atrophy during development.

25. The term arhinencephaly refers to:

 A.  A grapefruit that is rotten.
 B.  A CNS without a cerebellum.
 C.  A CNS without an olfactory region.
 D.  A CNS with increased suprasegmentalization.
 E.  A CNS with defective meninges.

26. Those derivatives of neural crest cells include all of the following except:

 A.  Astroglia.
 B.  Dorsal root ganglion cells.
 C.  Schwann cells.
 D.  Chromaffin cells.
 E.  Dura Mater.