1. Which of the following brain structures would be seen only in a higher vertebrate brain, but not in
     lower vertebrate brains:

 A.  Reticular formation.
 B.  Globus pallidus.
 C.  Hypothalamus.
 D.  Optic tectum.
 E.  Motor cortex.

2. All of the following are true of the vertebrate nervous system except:

 A.  Limb bud plexus formation present.
 B.  There is a correlation between the size of the animal brains and it's importance in the life of the animal.
 C.  The distribution of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is constant in all vertebrates while serotonin, 
            dopamine and norepinephrine varies considerably.
 D.  Once a neural structure is incorporated into a vertebrate brain, in usually remains in all higher species.
 E.  Non-decremental nervous conduction.

3. Which of the following does not characterize a "nerve net":

 A.  Neurons are primitive and not differentiated.
 B.  Nerve impulse is bi-directional.
 C.  Organism responds in an all-or-none fashion.
 D.  Nerve impulse is non-decremental.

4. Which is not a primary characteristic of a vertebrate brain:

 A.  Once a neural structure is found in a vertebrate brain, it can be found in all higher vertebrate brain's.
 B.  Limb bud plexus formation.
 C.  Increasing importance of a brain structure's growth to the animals environment.
 D.  Segmentation.
 E.  All of the above.

5. Which of the following brain structures is not characteristic of a lower mammalian nervous system?

 A.  Hypothalamus.
 B.  Dorsal thalamus.
 C.  Globus pallidus.
 D.  Spinal cord.

6. Which of the following explanations best describes the role of phylogeny in disease:

 A.  The motoneurons in poliomyelitis are destroyed completely.
 B.  The effects of environmental factors cause developmental defects.
 C.  A disease such as olivo-ponto-cerebellar degeneration affects primarily the structures seen only in 
            higher mammals.
 D.  A frontal groove meningioma can destroy olfaction sense but the patient never complains
 E.  None of the above.

7. During phylogeny, the honeybee best represents which of the following CNS modifications seen for the first 
    time among lower organisms:

 A.  Centralization.
 B.  Segmentation.
 C.  Nerve net plexus.
 D.  Encephalization.
 E.  Limb bud plexus.

8. The phylogenetic term denoting the origin of the hippocampus is:

 A.  Neuroepithelium.
 B.  Archipallium.
 C.  Paleopallium.
 D.  Neopallium.
 E.  Mesopallium.

9. The major difference in the evolution of the cerebral cortex of humans versus lower animals is:

 A.  It increases from a 3-layered structure to a 6-layered structure.
 B.  It increases the area occupied by the association areas.
 C.  It develops a frontal lobe.
 D.  It contains a higher order temporal lobe.

10. Which of the following is correct in regard to the nerve net?

 A.  Nerve impulses are unidirectional.
 B.  The system is best studied for the unique synapses.
 C.  Nerve impulses are decremental.
 D.  Nerve impulses are carried by dendrites and not neurons.

11. A brain region which can be considered suprasegmental (added on to the basic core) from a phylogenetic 
      view is:

 A.  Hypothalamus.
 B.  Reticular formation.
 C.  Cerebellar Hemispheres.
 D.  Optic tectum.
 E.  Archicerebellum.


12. That feature of the nervous system which best exemplifies hydra or coelenterates is:

 A.  Segmentation.
 B.  Centralization.
 C.  Cephalic shift.
 D.  Nerve net.
 E.  Limb-bud plexus.