1. Neurons are given a variety of names according to their size, shape, complexity and phylogenetic 
    background. The term used to denote a neuron whose dendrites are quite simple and uncomplicated is:

 A.  Microneuron.
 B.  Isodendritic.
 C.  Allodendritic.
 D.  Idiodendritic.
 E.  Golgi type I.


2. All of the following are correct in regard to the muscle spindle except:

 A.  Intrafusal fibers may consist of both nuclear bag and nuclear chain type.
 B.  Group Ia afferent fibers are from the flower spray endings. 
 C.  The spindle is most sensitive to muscle stretch.
 D.  The gamma efferent refers to the intrafusal motor fiber.
 E.  The group II afferent fibers from the muscle spindle are usually multi-synaptic in nature.


3. Each of the following receptor transducer endings at one time was associated with a specific sensation. 
    Which of the following relationships would be incorrect.

 A. Free nerve ending/pain.
 B. Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscle/pressure.
 C. Meissner corpuscle/cold.
 D. Ruffini cylinders/warmth.
 E. Paccinian corpuscle/pressure.


4. Myelin:

 A.  Is produced in the peripheral nervous system by Schwann cells.
 B.  In the central nervous system is composed of proteolipid protein.
 C.  In the central nervous system it has no basal lamina or endoneurium.
 D.  Is generally thicker in the peripheral nervous system.
 E.  In the central nervous system is produced by astroglia in such a fashion that a singleastrocytes can 
            myelinate single segments on many axons.
 


5. Astroglia perform all of the following functions except:

 A.  Aid in ionic balances around synapses.
 B.  Aid in osmotic control of neuronal water influx.
 C.  Act as a first line of defense in phagocytosis.
 D.  Aid in scar tissue formation.
 E.  Aid in production of some neurochemicals interposed between blood capillaries and neuronal cytoplasm.


6. Chromatolysis is best exemplified by:

 A.  Synaptic bouton degeneration.
 B.  Dissolution of rough endoplasmic reticulum with movement of the nucleus to thecytoplasmic membrane. 
 C.  Myelin sheath breakdown.
 D.  Increased proliferation of Schwann cells.
 E.  Shrinkage of the cell with heavy basophilic staining of the cytoplasm and the nucleus.


7. One of the most paralytic diseases of the peripheral nervous system is autoimmune disease. Which is not 
    correct in regard to it?

 A.  Guillain-Barre syndrome is the best example of it.
 B.  Results in degeneration of myelin.
 C.  Often occurs after acute viral infections.
 D.  Demyelination is due to Schwann cells that become phagocytic. 
 E.  Can be caused by accidental infection of myelin antibodies, i.e. anti-rabies vaccine.

 
8. A term which best describes the synaptic arrangement on smooth muscle by autonomic fibers would be.

 A.  Synaptic gutter.
 B.  Synaptic cartridge.
 C.  Bouton en passage.
 D.  Glomeruli.
 E.  Bouton termineaux.


9. Each of the following are differences in central nervous system versus peripheral nervous system 
      myelin except:

 A.  Schmidt-Lanterman clefts exist in PNS myelin, but not in CNS myelin.
 B.  CNS myelin is usually thinner as defined by the periodicity (distance between one main period
            band and the next) when compared to PNS myelin.
 C.  CNS myelin has no basal lamina but peripheral myelin does.
 D.  CNS proteins are glycoproteins while PNS proteins are glycolipids.
 E.  Oligodendroglia supply several internodal segments to CNS axons while Schwann cells supply
            a single internodal region.


10. Multiple sclerosis.

 A.  Occurs only in young persons below 19 years of age.
 B.  Occurs only in the Southern Hemisphere closest to the equator.
 C.  Affects only the spinal cord.
 D.  Results in permanent deficits in 80% of the cases.
 E.  Is characterized clinically by increased immunoglobulins and protein concentration in the CSF.
 


11. If one had axonal degeneration due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we would consider this:

 A.  Primary demyelination.   
 B.  Tertiary demyelination.
 C.  Transneuronal demyelination.
 D.  Secondary demyelination.
 E.  Stocking and glove demyelination.


12. What stain is best able to demonstrate neurofibrils?

 A.  Cajal silver stain
 B.  Golgi impregnation
 C.  Nissl stain (cresyl violet).
 D.  Histofluorescence method for catecholamines.
 E.  Horseradish peroxidase transported retrogradely.


13. Which of the following conditions would you expect to find in a patient with segmental demyelination 
      of short duration (2 weeks) of a peripheral nerve. 

 A.  Central neuronal degeneration
 B.  Muscle atrophy
 C.  Slowing of nerve velocity.
 D.  Loss of many axons distal to the site of an injury.
 E.  The onset of spasticity.


14. Wallerian degeneration refers to:

 A.  Death of the cell body after axonal injury.
 B.  Loss of the myelin sheath around an axon, as in Guillain-Barre syndrome.
 C.  Degeneration of axons and their myelin sheaths distal to the injury.
 D.  The proximal reaction to traumatic injury.
 E.  Neuronal degeneration in the CNS as opposed to the PNS.


15. Regeneration of a peripheral nerve can occur best if:

 A.   Re-anastomosis is delayed until denervation hypersensitivity has disappeared.
 B.  The muscle it supplies already has atrophied.
 C.  The distal sheath and all associated tissue is cleaned away.
 D.  The basement membrane remains intact.
 E.   Peripheral nerve regeneration with functional recovery never can occur.          


16. An example of secondary demyelination is.

 A.  Alcoholic polyneuropathy.
 B.  Ulna entrapment.
 C.  Multiple sclerosis.
 D.  Having your wrist cut off in Saudi Arabia for stealing.
 E.  Diabetic neuropathy.


17. All of the following are true in regard to multiple sclerosis except.

 A.  It affects primarily the myelin sheath in the PNS.
 B.  There is a geographical distribution of the disease.
 D.  It may affect sensory, motor or special senses.
 E.  50% of its manifestations are found in the spinal cord.


18. The major difference between central nervous system versus peripheral myelin is.

 A.  CNS myelin doesn't regenerate.
 B.  CNS proteins of myelin are glycoproteins.
 C.  Oligodendroglia produce CNS myelin.
 D.  CNS myelin has no basal lamina but PNS myelin does.
 E.  CNS myelin is thicker.


19. In multiple sclerosis:

 A.  Any damage to the axons are secondary to destruction of myelin.
 B.  The symptoms are always specific, especially during the first episode.
 C.  Ventral columns are frequently affected.
 D.  The onset of symptoms most often is between the ages of 8 and 17 years.
 E. Genetic factors comprise 85% of the cases.


20. Which of the following is true regarding retrograde changes occurring after nerve damage:

 A.  Methods to study it would include the Nauta, Fink-Heimer, Glees and Marchi methods.
 B.  Characterized by loss of Schwann cells.
 C.  Myelin degeneration occurs up to the first node of Ranvier from where the point of injury occurs.
 D.  Axolemma degeneration is extensive.
 E.  Decreased protein synthesis occurs characterized by an observable loss of endoplasmic 
            reticulum, microsomes and polysomes.


21. Hypertrophic neuropathy:

 A.  Is a proliferation of Schwann cells that are expelled into the endoneural connective tissue space 
            where they serve no purpose.
 B.  Is always found in multiple sclerosis.
 C.  Is also called polyneuropathy.
 D.  Is an abnormal proliferation of Schwann cells.
 E.  Is an unpredictable death of Schwann cells which is progressive due to vitamin B6 deficiencies.


22. An example of primary demyelination would be:

 A.  Wallerian degeneration
 B.  Transneuronal degeneration
 C.  Ulnar entrapment
 D.  Chromatolysis
 E.  Multiple sclerosis


23. All of the following are true of segmental demyelination except:

 A.  There is a loss of individual internodes.
 B.  Presence of diptheria can often result in this type demyelination.
 C.  Regeneration often results in more internodal links resulting in faster conduction velocity for those 
            fibers.
 D.  Regeneration often results in thinner myelin resulting in slower conduction velocity for those fibers.
 E.  A loss of myelin results in slowing or blockage of the action potential.


24. All of the following are true in regard to synapses except:

 A.  Inhibitory have flattened vesicles while excitatory have round or spherical vesicles.
 B.  Acetylcholine is the transmitter found at cholinergic synapses.
 C.  GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) is an excitatory transmitter.
 D.  Glomeruli, synaptic cartridge and reciprocal synapses are all modifications of a typical synapse.
 E.  Norepinephrine is the transmitter found at adrenergic synapses.