1. Which of the following hormones is under inhibitory control by the hypothalamus:

 A. ACTH
 B. Prolactin
 C. Growth hormone
 D. Thyroid stimulating hormone
 E. Luteinizing hormone

2.  Which is not true about the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus:

 A. It is one of the largest nuclei in the hypothalamus
 B. Lesions result in obesity
 C. Lesions result in rage behavior
 D. It is referred to as the hunger center
 E. It contains glucoreceptors


3. Shivering, piloerection, vasoconstriction and increased BMR can be elicited by stimulation of the:

 A. Preoptic nucleus
 B. Posterior lateral nucleus
 C. Supraoptic nucleus
 D. Anterior nucleus
 E. None of the above

4. Savage behavior can be elicited in cats by stimulation of the:

 A. Preoptic
 B. Suprachiasmatic
 C. Lateral
 D. Ventromedial
 E. Mammillary bodies

5. Diabetes insipidus may be explained by a lesion to the:

 A. Lateral preoptic
 B. Ventrobasal
 C. Supraoptic
 D. Preoptic
 E. Suprachiasmatic

6. The paraventricular nucleus releases:

 A. Vasopressin
 B. Prolactin
 C. Oxytocin
 D. TRF
 E. Both A and C

7. The major afferent pathway ending in the mammillary body is:

 A. Medial forebrain bundle
B. Fornix
C. Striae medullaris
D. Striae terminalis
E. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

8. A lesion of which of the following nuclei would result in extreme obesity:

 A. Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
 B. Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
 C. Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
 D. Supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus
 E. Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

9. A pituitary adenoma might result in a variety of symptoms dependent upon the tumor growth.  Which symptom 
     would you not expect to find?

 A. Bitemporal hemianopsia
 B. Adrenal hyperfunction (Cushings disease)
 C. Diabetes insipidus
 D. Psychosis
 E. Amenorrhea

10. Of the various anterior pituitary hormones, identify which of those that have association with an inhibitory 
      releasing factor:

 A. LH --> LRF
 B. ACTH --> CRF
 C. ACTH --> GHIF
 D. PRL --> PRF
 E. TSH --> GHIF

11. Nuclei interaction is best exemplified by:

 A. Anterior and lateral hypothalamic nuclei in temperature regulation.
 B. Ventromedial and anterior hypothalamic nuclei in emotion behavior displaying rage.
 C. The lateral and the preoptic hypothalamic nuclei in food regulation.
 D. The supraoptic and preoptic hypothalamic nuclei in food regulation.
 E. None of the above.

12. The following fiber tract is not directly related to hypothalamic pathways:

 A. Medial forebrain bundle
 B. Periventricular fibers
 C. Fornix
 D. Fasciculus retroflexus
 E. None of the above

13. A lesion in which of the following nuclei will result in somnolence:

 A. Medial preoptic hypothalamic nucleus.
 B. Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus.
 C. Posterior hypothalamic nucleus.
 D. Anterior hypothalamic nucleus.
 E. None of the above.

14. Destruction of which of the following hypothalamic nuclei would result in hypersomnia?

 A. Lateral preoptic 
 B. Lateral hypothalamic
 C. Ventromedial
 D. Arcuate
 E. Posterior

15. Stimulation of the anterior hypothalamic nuclei would result in:

 A. Homosexuality
 B. Obesity
 C. Hypothermia
 D. Killing behavior
 E. Hallucinations

16. A lesion occurring in the neurohypophysis would result in the appearance of symptoms within 24 hours of 
      which of the following disease entities?

 A. Diabetes mellitus.
 B. Diabetes insipidus.
 C. Lactation excelliveness.
 D. Uterine contractionality.
 E. None of the above.

17. All of the following nuclei would represent parasympathetic functions except:

 A. Anterior hypothalamic.
 B. Medial preoptic.
 C. Arcuate.
 D. Ventromedial hypothalamic.
 E. Medial mamillary nuclei.

18. All of the following neuropeptides have been isolated and synthesized except:

 A. Vasopressin
 B. Oxytocin
 C. Thyrotropin releasing factor
 D. Growth hormone releasing factor
 E. Luteinizing hormone releasing factor

19. All of the following are true in regard to hypothalamic releasing factor except:

 A. The preoptic-suprachiasmatic region produces LRF and FRF.
 B. The neuropeptides may also act as neurotransmitters.
 C. All of the releasing factors are released into the portal system formed from the superior hypophyseal  
           artery.
 D. Releasing factor release is steady and continuous with no variance involved with all variations due to 
           the anterior hypophysis itself.
 E. Dopamine might be the inhibitory releasing factor controlling prolactin release.

20. All of the following are true in relation to water homeostasis except:

 A. Vasopressin release in anti-diuretic to the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney.
 B. Decreased blood osmotic pressure decreases ADH release.
 C. Alcohol causes decreased ADH release.
 D. Hemorrhage causes decreased ADH release.
 E. Anesthesia causes increased ADH release.

21. The mammillary nuclei project directly to:

 A. Anterior thalamic nuclei.
 B. Septal nuclei.
 C. Midbrain tegmentum.
 D. Amygdaloid nuclei.
 E. All of the above.
 F. None of the above.
 G. A and C.

22. Sexual disturbances can occur in all of the following circumstances except:

 A. Hypersexuality occurs most of the time in frontal lobe lesions.
 B. Episodic or persistent eroticism occurs occasionally in septal lesions.
 C. Children display either sexual retardation or precocity but never impotence.
 D. Precocious puberty can result from tumors of the mammillary region.
 E. Precocious puberty can result from tumors in the region of the pineal gland.

23. All of the following are true in regard to the hypothalamus except:

 A. Lesions of the medial preoptic nuclei result in hyperthermia.
 B. Lesions of the dorsal medial nuclei result in rage and anger.
 C. Lesions in the lateral nuclei result in hypothermia.
 D. Lesions in the posterior nuclei result in hypersomnia.
 E. Lesions in the lateral nuclei result in wasting disease.

24. A hypothalamic pathway which is of major importance for olfactory and rostral regions to project to 
      midbrain tegementum is:

 A. Fornix
 B. Medial leminiscus
 C. Lateral leminiscus
 D. Periventricular system
 E. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

25. All of the following hypothalamic releasing factors have been isolated and structurally characterized except:

 A. Corticotrophin releasing factor
 B. Somatostatin
 C. Thyrotrophin releasing factor
 D. Luteinizing hormone releasing factor
 E. Growth hormone inhibitory factor

26. Which of the following is correct in regard to the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the 
      control of water intake?

 A. Emotional factors as stress may lead to water diuresis.
 B. Alcohol results in increased ADH release.
 C. Anesthetics cause increased ADH release.
 D. Cold increases ADH release.
 E. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine all decrease ADH release.

27. Afferents to the hypothalamus arise from all of the following structures except:

 A. Hippocampal formation
 B. Corticomedial amygdaloid nuclei
 C. Basolateral amygdaloid nuclei
 D. Ascending reticular activating system
 E. Orbitofrontal cortex
 F. Non-specific thalamic nuclei
 G. Locus coeruleus
 H. None of the above

28. Only three hypothalamic hormonal factors have actually been isolated and chemically synthesized.  These are:

 A. TRF, CRF, and PIF
 B. TRF, LRF, and FRF
 C. TRF, PRF, and PIF
 D. TRF, LRF, and GHIF
 E. GHSF, TRF, and GHIF

29. Which of the following pathways is not a major descending outflow of the hypothalamus?

 A. Medial forebrain bundle
 B. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
 C. Mammillotegmental tract
 D. Habenulopeduncular tract
 E. None of the above

30. Which of the following features of ADH secretion and control is incorrect?

 A. ADH is manufactured by cells found mainly in supraoptic nucleus.
 B. Fibers of the supraopticohypophyseal system travel through the median eminence.
 C. ADH is secreted into the capillary network of the superior hypophyseal artery.
 D. Osmoreceptors for feedback are located outside the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
 E. Blood volume changes can alter the outflow of ADH.

31. All of the following are true except.

A. The hypothalamus is influenced by the circulating blood,  temperature, osmolarity, and hormones. 
 B. The columns of the fornix traverse the hypothalamus to reach the mammillary body.
 C. The hypothalamus is instrumental in maintaining a constant internal environment of  homeostasis.
 D. The mammillary bodies are distinct swellings on the dorsal surface.
 E. The infundibular stem arises from the median eminence.

32. Which of the following tracts is not considered a major pathway related to the hypothalamus.

 A. Fornix
 B. Fasciculus retroflexus
 C. Periventricular
 D. Mammillary peduncle
 E. Medial forebrain bundle

33. All of the following are correct except.

 A. The mammillothalamic fasciculus projects to the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus.
 B. The hypothalamus is an integral part of the limbic system. 
 C. The hypothalamus receives fibers from the DM thalamic nucleus which has reciprocal connections with the 
           prefrontal cortex. 
 D. The periventricular fibers traverse the DLF
 E. The hypothalamus can directly influence the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and  parasympathetic 
           systems. 

34. All of the following are true except.

 A. The mammillothalamic fasciculus is reciprocal.
 B. The anterior and preoptic nuclei are mostly parasympathetic 
 C. The posterior and lateral nuclei are mostly  sympathetic. 
 D. A parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation.
 E. A sympathetic stimulation causes sweating.

35. All of the following are true except.

 A. Thermosensitive neurons in the anterior hypothalamus  makes it a heat loss center.
 B. Vasopressin has two properties, vasodilation and antidiuretic.
 C. The posterior hypothalamus is a heat gain center.
 D. The ventromedial hypothalamus is a satiety center.
 E. Vasopressin containing neurons are most abundant in the supraoptic nucleus and oxytocin containing 
           neurons are most abundant in the paraventricular nucleus. 

36. All of the following  can cause inhibition of water diuresis except.

 A. Cold weather.
 B. Hemorrhage.
C. Increased epinephrine or norepinephrine in the hypothalamus.
 D. Exercise.
 E. Mild stress you are experiencing taking this test.

37. Excessive rage and aggressive behavior can be seen after lesions of:

 A. Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
 B. Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
 C. Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
 D. Preoptic nucleus
 E. Arcuate nucleus

38.The following lesions or clinical conditions can all result in obesity except.

 A. Simmond's syndrome.
 B. Pick's disease.
 C. Bilateral temporal lobectomy.
 D. Alzheimer's disease.
 E. Lyphoblastic leukemia.

39. All of the following autonomic responses can be seen with stimulation of the anterior hypothalamic 
      nuclei except. 

 A. Reduced heart rate.
 B. Hyperglycemia.
 C. Decreased body temperature.
 D. Urination.
 E. Decreased blood pressure.

40. All of the following are true in regard to hunger mechanisms except.

 A. The lateral hypothalamic nucleus is known as the satiation center 
 B. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus produces hyperphagia. 
 C. Stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus causes aphagia
 D. Injection of glucose or insulin into the ventromedial nucleus can cause cessation of eating.
 E. Lesions of the frontal lobe produce hyperphagia.

41. What best characterizes diabetes insipidus.

 A. Hypouria
 B. Due to an alteration in insulin.
 C. Due to a loss of vasopressin
 D. Is always a result of a pituitary adenoma
 E. Polyuria is the absolute clinical criteria for a positive diagnosis 

42. All of the following are true except.

 A. Neurosecretions from the hypothalamus are carried distally by axoplasmic transport into the 
           neurohypophysis.
 B. The supraoptic nucleus serves as an osmoreceptor.
 C. Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus causes diabetes insipidus 
 D. The pars distalis of the adenohypophysis produces various hormones.
 E. Neurosecretory cells are phylogenetically one of the newest neuron types.

43. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in unanesthaetized animals can produce
       all of the following except. 

 A. Pseudo-affective rage.
 B. Enormous "thirst".
 C. Ovulation.
 D. Release of gonadotrophic hormone. 
 E. Changes in body temperature.

44. Hypothalamically induced rage reactions can be blocked by .

 A. Cortical lesions.
 B. Midbrain lesions.
 C. Lesions in the amygdala.
 D. Lesions in the adenohypohysis.
 E. Bilateral lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. 

45. Prolactin secretion of the anterior pituitary can be reduced by.

 A. B-endorphins.
 B. Dopamine agonists (i.e. bromocriptine).
 C. Serotonin.
 D. Norepinephrine.
 E. Oxytocin.

46. A hypothalamic lesion associated with complete loss of thermo-regulatory control is most likely located in.

 A. The anterior hypothalamus.
 B. The lateral hypothalamus.
 C. The posterior hypothalamus.
 D. The mammillary nuclei.
 E. The medial forebrain bundle.

47. The preoptic and anterior hypothalamus are supplied with blood principally through which artery?

 A. Anterior cerebral artery
 B. Posterior communicating artery
 C. Anterior communicating artery
 D. Posterior cerebral artery
 E. All of the above
 F. A and C only

48. In what area of the hypothalamus will a bilateral lesion produce hyperphagia?

 A. Preoptic are 
 B. Lateral hypothalamic area
 C. Ventromedial nucleus
 D. Mammillary bodies
 E. None of the above

49. The neuronal pacemaker (biological clock) entrained by photic cues is:

 A. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
 B. Lateral geniculate body pars ventralis
 C. Lateral geniculate body pars dorsalis
 D. Suprachiasmatic nuclei
 E. Supraoptic nucleus